ҲАРФҲО. ОВОЗҲО. ҲАРФҲОИ САДОНОК.
Забони англиси дорои 26 ҳарф ва 44 овоз аст. Аз 26 то ҳарф 20 -тоаш ҳарфҳои ҳамсадо ва 6- тоаш ҳарфҳои садонок мебошад
| Aa | [ei] | [ei,æ] | Hh | [eit∫] | [h] | Oo | [әv] | [әv,ɔ] | Vv | [vi:] | [v] |
| Bb | [bi:] | [b] | Ii | [ai] | [ai,i] | Pp | [pi:] | [p] | Ww | [‘dʌblju:] | [w] |
| Cc | [si:] | [k,s] | Jj | [dʒei] | [dз] | [kju:] | [kw,k] | Xx | [eks] | [gz,ks] | |
| Dd | [di:] | [d] | Kk | [kei] | [k] | Rr | [a:] | [r] | Yy | [wai] | [ai,i,j] |
| Ee | [i:] | [i:,i,e] | Ll | [el] | [l] | Ss | [es] | [s,z] | Zz | [zed] | [z] |
| Ff | [ef] | [f] | Mm | [em] | [m] | Tt | [ti:] | [t] | |||
| Gg | [dʒi:] | [dʒ,g] | Nn | [en] | [n] | Uu | [ju:] | [ju:.ʌ] |
Харфҳои садонок a,e,i,o.u.y ва боқимонда ҳамсадо мебошад. Аз 20 ҳарфи ҳамсадо 15 ҳарфи ҳамсадо яктогӣ овоз медиҳад. 5 ҳарфи ҳамсадо, ‘’ c,q,g,s,x’’ду овоз медиҳад, ки он вобаста ба мавқеи онҳо дар доҳили калима аст.
Cc
-[s] -пеш аз садонокҳои e,i,y: nice,city,cycle,race,ice,center,place,pencil
– [k]-дар дигаp ҳолатҳо: can, act, clinic, combine, computer, concrete, cut,
cotton, contuct
Ss
-[s] 1) дар аввали калима: sit
2) мобайн,пеш ё баъд аз ҳамсадоҳо: desk
3) дар охир баъди ҳамсадоҳои беҷаранг: sits,keeps
4)якҷоягии ss- kiss, boss
-[z] 1) дар мобайни садонокҳо: visit, please
2)дар охир, ,баъди ҳарфҳои садонок: is, beеs, boys
3)дар охир баъди ҳарфҳои ҳамсадоҳои ҷарангдор: pens, beds
-[kw]-quick,quest
-[k] -cheque, oblique
Xx
-[gz]-пеш аз ҳиҷои заданок : e’xam, e’xact, e`xample
-[ks]-дар дигар мавридхо: next, six.
Машқҳо барои хониш.
| ice | ‘ais | city | ‘siti | can | ‘kæn |
| cycle | ‘saikl | cat | ‘kæt | cotton | kɔtn |
| center | sentә | icy | ‘aisi | cud | kʌd |
| place | pleis | pencil | pensil | came | Keim |
| cinderella | sindә’relә | central | ‘sentrәl | cave | Keiv |
| cab | ‘kæb | picture | pikt∫ә | contact | ‘kɔntækt |
| club | ‘klʌb | music | ‘mju:zik | scraper | skreipә |
| cubic | kju:bik | clock | ‘klɔk | twice | twais |
| tractor | træktә | fase | ‘feis | pact | pækt |
| practical | præktikәl | race | ‘reis | electric | i’lektrik |
| cosmic | ‘kɔzmik | computer | kәm’pju:tә | combine | ‘kәm’bain |
| conductor | kәn’dʌktә | cent | ‘sent | office | ɔfis |
| cable | ‘keibl | cup | kʌp | actor | ‘æktә |
| fact | ‘fækt | contract | kɔntrækt | company | ‘kɔmpәni |
| column | kɔlәm | vice | vais | circle | sә:kl |
| concrete | ‘kɔnkri:t | carpenter | ka:pintә | ‘doctor | ‘dɔktә |
| space | speis | lace | leis | cap | kæp |
| cliff | klif | cell | sel | cite | sait |
| clap | klæp | clean | kli:n | nice | nais |
| cape | keip | candle | ‘kændl | camp | kæmp |
| cane | kein | cattle | ‘kætl | cynic | ‘sinik |
Gg
| page | peidʒ | grey | ‘grei | gem | dʒem |
| age | eidʒ | larger | la:dʒә | get | get |
| gentle | dʒentl | gipsy | ‘dʒipsi | grain | grein |
| Egypt | i’dʒipt | green | gri:n | gate | geit |
| gin | dʒin | bag | ‘bæg | garden | ga:dәn |
| flag | flæg | gas | ‘gæs | gym | dʒim |
| gender | dʒendә | gum | gʌm | good | gud |
| peg | peg | gale | geil | gain | gein |
| cage | keidʒ | big | big | badge | ‘bædʒ |
| stage | ‘steidʒ | stag | stæg | god | gɔd |
| glim | glim | sage | seidʒ | dig | dig |
| gypsy | ‘dʒipsi | got | gɔt | gossip | ‘gɔsip |
| go | gou | glide | ‘glaid | glad | glæd |
| gene | dʒi:n | geodesy | dʒi’ɔdisi | log | lɔg |
(to get,begin, give, girl –аз қоида берун)
Ss
| bus | bʌs | six | siks | kiss | ‘kis |
| us | ʌs | must | mʌst | boss | bɔs |
| bust | bʌst | is | iz | sits | Sits |
| steel | sti:l | bens | benz | keeps | ki:ps |
| please | pli:z | beds | bedz | desk | Desk |
| sit | sit | system | ‘sistәm | speed | spi:d |
| sailor | seilә | street | stri:t | second | ‘sekәnd |
| because | bi’kɔ:z | possible | pɔsibl | progressive | prә’gresiv |
| visit | visit | consist | kәn’sist | ask | a:sk |
| sad | sæd | feeds | fi:dz | notes | ‘nouts |
| bells | belz | bees | bi:z | styles | stailz |
| sends | sendz | tables | teiblz | plans | plænz |
| stops | stɔps | ties | taiz | sells | selz |
=Qu=
| quality | ‘kwɔliti | quest | kwest | quaff | kwa:f |
| quick | kwik | quarrel | ‘kwɔrәl | quarter | ‘kwɔ:tә |
| quarts | ‘kwɔ:ts | quay | ki: | queen | kwi:n |
| quite | kwait | question | ‘kwest∫n | aquline | ‘ækwilain |
| aquarium | ә’kwεәriәm | aquatic | ә’kwætik | cheque | t∫ek |
| oblique | ɔ’bli:k | chequer | ‘t∫ekә | require | ri’kwaiә |
| equipment | i’kwipment | equator | i’kweitә | request | ri’kwest |
=X=
| e’xam | ig’zæm | e’xist | ig’zist | e’xample | ig’za:mpl |
| e’xact | ig’zækt | e’xhibit | ig’zibit | box | bɔks |
| next | nekst | ex’cept | ik’sept | ex’pect | iks’pekt |
| excellent | ek’sələnt | wax | wæks | text | tekst |
| six | siks | taxi | ‘tæksi | fix | fiks |
Ҳарфҳои садонок ва қоидаҳои хониши он
=Aa=
| a-дар ҳиҷои кушод-[ei];
-дар ҳиҷои баста-[æ] |
take-[teik];plate-[pleit]
lamp [læmp];bag-[bæg] |
tap, map, man, at, add, hand, hat, stand, land, lamp, plan, flag, tram, lake, make, plane, take, cake,blame,pale, mate,sake,fate, make,fat,van,sand,land,lad,name,sane, fame,lamp,stamp,lake,bad,sale,late,plan,ale,
date,bat, nave,tape,pan,fan,blade,lane |
| ai-[ei]
ay-[ei] |
mail-[meil]
day-[dei] |
pain,vain,nail,day,lain,may,pay,say,
clay,aim,nay,mail,fail,sail,bay,lay,claim, plain,laid,rain,’waiter,’painter,main,way, to’day,gay,tray,play, |
| a-[a:]-пеш аз s + ҳамсадо
|
mask-[ma:sk] | master,pass,class,task,fast,grass,grasp,
last,vast,classroom,ask |
| a+lk-[o:k]
a+ll-[o:l] |
chalk-[t∫ɔ:k]
tall-[tɔ:l] |
chalk,talk,walk,balk,hall,ball,all,wall,tall,
call,small,also,already |
| ai+r; air-[εә] | pair-[pεә] | air,stair,hair,pair,chair,fair,’dairy,’fairy |
| ar-[a:]
a+re[εә] |
car,large-[ka:]
mare,dare-[mεә] |
rare,marble,article,far,care,fare,dare,car,
mare,hare,hard,bar,square,stare,yard, share,charm,harm,dark,star,bare,scare |
| a-[a:] пеш аз th | [ð]father,rather
-[fa:ðә] [θ]path,bath -[pa:θ] |
father, rather,bath,bathroom,path |
| aw-[ɔ:] | paw-[pɔ:] | paw,saw,dawn,awl,raw,law,draw,’awful |
| au-[ɔ:] | ‘cause-[kɔ:z] | be’cause,’saucer,’autumn,cause |
=Ee=
| e-дар ҳиҷои кушод[i:]
дар ҳиҷои баста-[e] |
be-[bi:]Pete-[pi:t]
left-[left] |
eve,me,mete,pete,net,lend,bet,pen,spend,
bent,bend,left,bede,let,men,best,kept,be, slept,met,melt,send,step,test,mend,these, red,wet,bed,pencil,pen,next,twelve |
| ee-[i:]
ea-[i:] ei-[i:] ie-[i:] |
see-[si:]
sea-[si:] ‘ceiling-[si:liŋ] niece-[ni:s] |
lead,mean,speak,heat,reach,cheap,see,
need,deed,reed,read,seed,meet,meat,sea, please,tea,ceiling,seize,re’ceive,niece, field,piece,priest,chief,steel,leaf,green аз қоида берун-dead,bread,deaf,’ready, ‘heavy,meant |
| e+r-[ә:]
e+re-[iә] |
her-[hә:]
here-[hiә] |
servant,person,nerve,serf,herd,hers,merely,
term,terse,serve,mere,sere,sphere,serious |
| er-дар охири калима[ә] | teacher-[ti:t∫ә] | teacher,singer,reader,fisher,member,
October,mother,father,brother |
| ea-[e]пеш аз ‘’sure’’ | pleasure-[pleʒә] | pleasure,measure,treasure |
| ear-[ә:]дар сари ва миёни калима | early-[ә:li]
learn-[lә:n] |
early,earth,learn,earn,heard,learn |
| ew-[ju:] | new-[nju:] | new,few,dew,knew,mew |
| ear [iә]- алоҳида ва дар охири калима | ear-[iә]
clear-[kliә] |
ear,clear,hear,near,fear,dear,year |
| ey-[ei]
eigh-[ei] |
they-[ðei]
eight-[eit] |
they,grey,obey,eight,weight,neigh,weigh |
= Ii=
| i-[ai]дар
ҳиҷои кушод [i] дар ҳиҷои баста |
five-[faiv]
hit-[hit] |
tie,size,if,nip,tip,fit,mine,fine,dive,tin,pine,
life,side,lift,sin,pipe,tide,kid,like,time,tint, is,did,nine,kite,five,quite,die |
| i+r-[ә:] | firm-[fә:m] | firm,sir,first,thirty,third,girl,shirt,dirty,
skirt,whirl,bird,circle |
| i+re-[aiә] | mire-[maiә] | tired,mire,wire,hire,fire |
| i+gh-[ai] | fight-[fait] | light,might,night,sight,high,flight,sigh,
knight,right |
| i+nd-[ai] | kind-[kaind] | kind,mind,find,blind |
| i+ld-[ai] | child-[t∫aild] | child,mild,wild |
=Oo=
| o-ҳичои кушод-[ou]
ҳичои баста-[ɔ] |
note-[nout]
lot-[lɔt] |
go,so,no,stone,sole,zone,lot,stop,not,on,
dome nose,clock,sock,spoke,vote,note, spot,off,odd,slope,slot,stock,doll,pole, dot,soft,dock,rode,rose,whole,lost,frost, a’long |
| o+r-[ɔ:]
o+re-[ɔ:] |
north-[nɔ:θ]
more-[mɔ:] |
north,short,for,port,porter,sport,more,
shore,sore,cord,fork,score,born,core,store, sort,’forty,fore,horde,ex’plore |
| or-дар охири калима[ә] | actor-[æktә]
|
actor,doctor,monitor |
| o-[ʌ]пеш аз ҳарф m,n,th,v | come-[kʌm]
love-[lʌv] mother-[mʌðә] front-[frʌnt] |
dove,some,won,front,month,mother, brother,come,love,glove,wonder |
| oy-[ɔi]
oi-[ɔi] |
boy-bɔi]
oil-[sɔil] |
soil,boy,toy,voice,noise,coin,soil,boil |
| oor-[ɔ:] | door,floor | |
| our-[ɔ:] | your,four,pour | |
| oa-[ou] | boat,load,road,soap,throat,coast | |
| ow-[ou] | low,row,know,show blow,throw | |
| o+ld-[ould] | cold,old,sold,bold,told,fold | |
| o+st-[oust] | post,most | |
| ow-[au] | town,down,brown,gown | |
| ou-[au] | out,a’bout,round,loud,proud | |
| oo-[u] | пеш аз ҳарфи k,t,d | book,look,took,good,hook,brook,foot,cook,
cookie,goodly,mood |
| oo-[u:] | fool,spoon,moon,soon,tool,zoo,too,food | |
| ou-[u:] | soup,group | |
| ou-[ʌ] | couple,young,country,trouble | |
| ou+gh-[ʌf] | rough,e’nough,tough | |
| o-[ʌ] | son,won,mother,brother,glove | |
| o+ne[wʌn] | One |
=U=
| u- [ju:]
-[ʌ] |
дар ҳиҷои кушод
дар ҳиҷои баста |
use,union,cue,due,,a’muse,music
lunch,punch,cup,bud,shut |
| u-[u] | pull,full,bush,push,bull | |
| ue-[u:] | true,rude,blue,brute,glue | |
| ui-[u:] | Fruit | |
| ur-[ә:] | burn,turn,curl,hurt,turtle,nurse,urgent | |
| u+re-[juә] | lure,en’dure,se’cure,pure |
=Y=
| y- -[ai]
а-[i] |
ҳиҷои кушод
бастa |
cry,dry,by,dye,my,type,bye,style
gym,system |
| y+r-[ә:] | myrtle,tyrant | |
| y+re-[aiә] | tyre,Byron | |
| y-[j]
-[i] |
дар сари калима
дар охири калимаҳои ду таркиба ва дар калимаҳои безада |
yes,yet,yellow,yesterday,every,many,yell,
yak,yelk,yeast,’lady,’silly,’fancy,’fifty, ‘ninety,’kitty,zany,’easy,lazy,’daddy, ‘nicely,’needy,neatly,’tiny,’stickly |
Хониши якҷояи садонокҳо.
ee-[i:]-tree,street,see,meet; ou-[au]-house,mouse,out;
ai-[ei]-rain,pain,main; oi-[ɔi]-boil,toil,join;
ea-[i:]-tea,team,sea,meat ; au-[ɔ:]-auger,August,autocar;
oo-[u:]-spoon,moon,tool; oy-[ɔi]-boy,toy,joy;
oa-[ou]-coat, boat,load,loaf; oo-[u]+k-book,look,took; ay-[ei]-day,play,stay.
Хониши якҷояи ҳамсадоҳо.
ck [k] – black [blæ k] , duck [dʌk] , luck [lʌk]
sh [∫] – she [ ∫i:] -, shelf [∫elf ] -, show [∫ou] .
augh [ ɔ :] – daughter, taught
ch [t∫] – chain [t∫ein] , cheese [t∫i:z] , chess [t∫es] .Эзоҳ: пайвастагии ҳарфҳои ch аз калимаи юнонӣ гирифта шудааст ва [k] хонда мешавад ва одатан дар калимаҳои илмӣ ё дар калимаҳои байналмиллалӣ вомехӯрад. Масалан, school- мактаб, chrome – хром, chord – хорда (математика.), choreography [kɔri’ɔ græ fi] – хореография, chemistry-кимиёвӣ, technical – техникӣ. Дар калимаҳое, ки аз забони фаронсавӣ ба забони англисӣ гузаштаанд, пайвастагии ҳарфҳои ch – [ ∫ ] хонда мешавад: machine – машина, дастгоҳ, champagne –шампон.
-tch [t∫] – coatch , match, stretch ,
ph – дар калимаҳое, ки аз забони юнонӣ иқтибос шудаанд, вомехӯрад ва [f] хонда мешаванд: phone-телефон, physics-физика, phlox – флокс (гул), phrase- ибора, philosophy-философия.
-th [ ð ] – weather, bathe, the, there, then, this, that (одатан дар аввал ё мобайни калимаҳои маълуму машҳур истифода мешавад.).
-th [θ ] – thin , thick , theme – тема, (дар аввал ва охири калима меояд) вале booth – [bu:ð ], smooth – [smu:ð])
-ng [η] – long, song, bring, ring.
-gh [f] – баъд аз au, ou дар охири калима: laugh [la:f], rough –[ra:f] ;
-gh– баъд аз i, au, ou ва пеш аз ‘’t’’ хонда намешавад : right, thought, daughter, night, knight;
-gh– [g] –дар аввали калима – ghastly [goustly] ; ghost [ goust];
-kn[n] – дар сари калима: know, knit, knife;
-mb [m] – дар охири калима: climb, dimb;
– ci [∫] – special, suspicious, musician;
-ft [f] – пеш аз пасоянд -often, soften;
-dge [dʒ ] – bridge, judge;
-rh [r] – дар калимаҳои юнонӣ – rhyme, rheumatism;
-si, ssi [ ∫] – Asia, Russia;
-sion [ʒ n] – vision, [viʒn ], decision – [di’si ʒ n];
-sion [∫ n] – баъд аз ҳамсадои s – session, mission, profession;
-sten [sn] – listen, fasten;
-stle [sl] – bustle, castle ;
-sure [∫e] – баъд аз ҳамсадои s – pressure [’pre ∫ə ] ;
-sure [ʒe]-measure, pleasure;
-tch [t∫] – match, watch;
-ear [ ə :] – пеш аз ҳамсадо: – earth, search, rehearse, вале: heart [ha:t]
-ear [i ə] – hear, dear, clear, вале: bear -[bεæ], year – [jə:], swear -[swεæ],
pear- [pεæ]
-ture [t∫ə] – structure, lecture, picture, mixture, culture, nature
-tion; s+sion [∫n] – асли суффикс – романӣ: profession [prə‘fe∫(ə)n], nation [nei∫n], vocation [vo(u)‘kei∫(ə) n].
